API TR 1154-2 pdf download

API TR 1154-2 pdf download Sunken Oil Detection and Recovery Operational Guide
1 Scope
1.1Introduction and How to Use This Guide
This Operational Guide is a companion document to the technical report, Sunken Oil Detection and Recovery, whichidentifies and documents current best practices and alternative technologies possessing the potential to moreeffectively detect, contain, and recover sunken oil, defined as the accumulation of bulk oil on the bottom of a waterbody. The technical report includes summaries and lessons learmed for 36 case studies of oil spills where a significantamount of the oil sank. For each technology, it includes a detailed description of the method, advantages anddisadvantages,and summary tables—-the kinds of information needed to select the most effective approaches tosunken oil detection and recovery. Please refer to the technical report for supporting information not in this guide.
Most oil spill response strategies, tactics, and equipment are based on the simple principle that oil floats. However, oildoes not always float.Sometimes it suspends in the water column; sometimes it sinks to the bottom of the waterbody. Sometimes it does all three: floats,suspends, and sinks. Furthermore, oil that has sunk to the bottom canbecome re-suspended and spread by currents. Terminology to describe these various behaviors can be confusing;thus, in this guide, the following terminology is used.
-Floating oil—Spilled oil that is on the surface of the water.
Submerged oil—Spilled oil that is in the water column, below the water surface, including oil that is in temporarysuspension due to turbulence and will refloat or sink in the absence of that turbulence.
– Sunken oil—Spilled oil that is on the bottom of the water body.
This guide addresses only sunken oil.
1.2 Section Descriptions
There are six subsequent sections to this guide.
– Section 2: Determine the Potential for the Oil to Sink under the Spill Conditions
This section provides guidance on when to expect that an oil may sink, either initially or later due to processessuch as weathering and sediment interactions. lt includes a chart to help determine if an oil can sink initillybased on its density or API gravity and the salinity of the receiving water. It also includes a chart that shows howturbulence and sediment interaction can cause a floating oil to submerge or sink over time.
Section 3: Select Sunken Oil Detection, Delineation, and Characterization Techniques
This section includes a checklist of the types of information you will need about the oil and spill conditions to startevaluating which sunken oil detection options may be effective for the spill. There is a list of action items to guidethe development and approval of a sunken oil detection plan. It also includes tabular summaries of theadvantages and limitations of possible options, along with a matrix to guide selection of the best combination ofoptions.
lt is important to note that oftentimes multiple detection, delineation, and characterization methods should beused, in combination andor in sequence.All remote detection methods require ground truthing or need bottomsampling to determine the oil thickness on the bottom or determine the oil’s viscosity and thus pumpability.
1 Scope
1.1Introduction and How to Use This Guide
This Operational Guide is a companion document to the technical report, Sunken Oil Detection and Recovery, whichidentifies and documents current best practices and alternative technologies possessing the potential to moreeffectively detect, contain, and recover sunken oil, defined as the accumulation of bulk oil on the bottom of a waterbody. The technical report includes summaries and lessons learmed for 36 case studies of oil spills where a significantamount of the oil sank. For each technology, it includes a detailed description of the method, advantages anddisadvantages,and summary tables—-the kinds of information needed to select the most effective approaches tosunken oil detection and recovery. Please refer to the technical report for supporting information not in this guide.
Most oil spill response strategies, tactics, and equipment are based on the simple principle that oil floats. However, oildoes not always float.Sometimes it suspends in the water column; sometimes it sinks to the bottom of the waterbody. Sometimes it does all three: floats,suspends, and sinks. Furthermore, oil that has sunk to the bottom canbecome re-suspended and spread by currents. Terminology to describe these various behaviors can be confusing;thus, in this guide, the following terminology is used.
-Floating oil—Spilled oil that is on the surface of the water.
Submerged oil—Spilled oil that is in the water column, below the water surface, including oil that is in temporarysuspension due to turbulence and will refloat or sink in the absence of that turbulence.
– Sunken oil—Spilled oil that is on the bottom of the water body.
This guide addresses only sunken oil.